Volkswagen ID.4

Engine power, CO₂ and kerb weight are registration-weighted averages across the 21 European countries that registered the Volkswagen ID.4 in 2025 (42,940 cars). Source: EEA CO₂ monitoring (CC BY 4.0).

New registrations in Norway

Number of Volkswagen ID.4 registered for the first time in Norway per year.

Source: EEA CO₂ monitoring (CC BY 4.0).

New registrations by country (2025)

Number of Volkswagen ID.4 cars registered for the first time across 21 European countries in 2025.

Source: EEA CO₂ monitoring (CC BY 4.0), 2025 data.

Other Volkswagen models

Similar SUV models

Common problems & reliability

US owners have filed 1,958 complaints for the Volkswagen ID.4, most often about electrical system, unknown or other, forward collision avoidance, vehicle speed control. These are owner-reported issues, useful for spotting recurring weaknesses before you buy.

Based on real owner complaints and inspection data — not an editorial rating. Sources: NHTSA (US, public domain).

Recalls & safety

3 recalls recorded in the EU Safety Gate (European market) and 29 in the US-market NHTSA database for the Volkswagen ID.4. Recalls can flag known weaknesses of the model.

• Passenger carEU · Safety Gate (Germany)

  The product does not comply with the Regulation on the approval and market surveillance of motor vehicles and their trailers, and of systems, components and separate technical units intended for such vehicles.

  EU Safety Gate · alerted 2023-11-17

• Passenger carEU · Safety Gate (Germany)

  The product does not comply with the Regulation on the approval and market surveillance of motor vehicles and their trailers, and of systems, components and separate technical units intended for such vehicles.

  EU Safety Gate · alerted 2024-06-21

• Passenger carEU · Safety Gate (Germany)

  The product does not comply with the Regulation on the approval and market surveillance of motor vehicles and their trailers, and of systems, components and separate technical units intended for such vehicles.

  EU Safety Gate · alerted 2023-01-27

• ELECTRICAL SYSTEM:PROPULSION SYSTEM:TRACTION BATTERYUS · NHTSAModel year 2025

  Volkswagen Group of America, Inc. (Volkswagen) is recalling certain 2023-2025 ID.4 vehicles. The high-voltage battery may overheat.

  Remedy: Dealers will update the high-voltage battery software, and replace the high-voltage battery, as necessary, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed March 18, 2026. Owners may contact Volkswagen customer service at 1-800-893-5298. Volkswagen's number for this recall is 93EA. Vehicle Identification Numbers (VINs) involved in this recall became searchable on NHTSA.gov on January 23, 2026.

  NHTSA campaign 26V030000 · reported 21/01/2026

• AIR BAGS:FRONTAL:PASSENGER SIDE:INFLATOR MODULEUS · NHTSAModel year 2024

  Volkswagen Group of America, Inc. (VW) is recalling certain 2023-2024 ID4 vehicles. The fasteners securing the passenger frontal air bag inflator may be loose.

  Remedy: Dealers will inspect and replace the air bag as necessary, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed October 10, 2024. Owners may contact Volkswagen customer service at 1-800-893-5298. Volkswagen’s number for this recall is 69E8.

  NHTSA campaign 24V643000 · reported 28/08/2024

• ELECTRICAL SYSTEM:PROPULSION SYSTEM:TRACTION BATTERYUS · NHTSAModel year 2024

  Volkswagen Group of America, Inc. (Volkswagen) is recalling certain 2023-2025 ID.4 vehicles. The high-voltage battery may overheat.

  Remedy: Dealers will update the high-voltage battery software, and replace the high-voltage battery, as necessary, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed March 18, 2026. Owners may contact Volkswagen customer service at 1-800-893-5298. Volkswagen's number for this recall is 93EA. Vehicle Identification Numbers (VINs) involved in this recall became searchable on NHTSA.gov on January 23, 2026.

  NHTSA campaign 26V030000 · reported 21/01/2026

• ELECTRICAL SYSTEM:PROPULSION SYSTEM:TRACTION BATTERYUS · NHTSAModel year 2024

  Volkswagen Group of America, Inc. (Volkswagen) is recalling certain 2023-2024 ID.4 vehicles. The high voltage (HV) battery cell modules may contain misaligned electrodes that can result in a battery fire.

  Remedy: Owners are advised to park outside immediately after charging and not leave their vehicles charging indoors overnight until the recall repair is complete. Also, owners are advised not to use Level 3 DC chargers and to limit the maximum charge of the battery to 80% until the remedy has been completed. Dealers will replace the high voltage battery cell modules as necessary, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed March 18, 2026. Owners may contact Volkswagen customer service at 1-800-893-5298. Volkswagen's number for this recall is 93EW. Vehicle Identification Numbers (VINs) involved in this recall became searchable on NHTSA.gov on January 23, 2026.

  NHTSA campaign 26V028000 · reported 21/01/2026

• ELECTRICAL SYSTEM:PROPULSION SYSTEM:TRACTION BATTERYUS · NHTSAModel year 2024

  Volkswagen Group of America, Inc. (Volkswagen) is recalling certain 2023-2024 ID.4 vehicles. The high voltage (HV) battery cell modules may contain misaligned electrodes that can result in a battery fire.

  Remedy: Owners are advised to park outside immediately after charging and not leave their vehicles charging indoors overnight until the recall repair is complete. Also, owners are advised not to use Level 3 DC chargers and to limit the maximum charge of the battery to 80% until the remedy has been completed. Dealers will replace the high voltage battery cell modules as necessary, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed February 11, 2026. Owners may contact Volkswagen customer service at 1-800-893-5298. Volkswagen's number for this recall is 93EV. Vehicle Identification Numbers (VINs) involved in this recall became searchable on NHTSA.gov on December 5, 2025.

  NHTSA campaign 25V836000 · reported 03/12/2025

• SERVICE BRAKESUS · NHTSAModel year 2024

  Volkswagen Group of America, Inc. (Volkswagen) is recalling certain 2023-2025 Atlas, Atlas Cross Sport and 2023-2024 ID.4 vehicles. Certain bolts on the chassis, brake system and/or suspension (such as bolts for certain cross member, engine mount, control arm, subframe, rear brake carrier, etc.) of affected vehicles may not have been correctly tightened during the manufacturing process.

  Remedy: Dealers will replace the bolts as necessary, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed July 25, 2025. Owners may contact Audi customer service at 1-800-253-2834. Volkswagen's number for this recall is 42HX.

  NHTSA campaign 25V434000 · reported 30/06/2025

• ELECTRICAL SYSTEM:12V/24V/48V BATTERYUS · NHTSAModel year 2024

  Volkswagen Group of America, Inc. (Volkswagen) is recalling certain 2024-2025 AUDI Q4 E-Tron SUV, AUDI Q4 E-Tron Sportback, and 2024 ID.4 vehicles. The on-board charger (OCDC) may fail and stop charging the 12-volt battery, which can result in a loss of drive power.

  Remedy: Dealers will replace the OCDC, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed on May 20, 2025. Owners may contact Volkswagen customer service at 1-800-893-5298 or Audi customer service at 1-800-253-2834. Volkswagen's number for this recall is 93CJ. Audi's number for this recall is 93FR.

  NHTSA campaign 25V125000 · reported 28/02/2025

• STRUCTURE:BODY:DOOR:HANDLE:EXTERIORUS · NHTSAModel year 2024

  Volkswagen Group of America, Inc. (Volkswagen) is recalling certain 2021-2024 ID.4 vehicles. The door handles may allow water to enter the circuit board assembly, which can cause the doors to open unexpectedly.

  Remedy: Volkswagen dealers will inspect and replace the door handles as necessary, and update the vehicle software, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed on December 27, 2024. Owners may contact Volkswagen's customer service at 1-800-893-5298. Volkswagen's number for this recall is 57J9. This recall expands previous recall numbers 23V-312 and 23V-213. Vehicles previously repaired under 23V-312 and 23V-213 will need to have the new remedy completed.

  NHTSA campaign 24V651000 · reported 04/09/2024

• STRUCTUREUS · NHTSAModel year 2024

  Volkswagen Group of America, Inc. (Volkswagen) is recalling certain 2023-2024 ID.4 vehicles. The interior sunshade for the panoramic glass roof may be insufficiently fire retardant. As such, these vehicles fail to comply with the requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard number 302, "Flammability of Interior Materials."

  Remedy: Dealers will apply flame retardant to the sunshade fabric, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed December 15, 2023. Owners may contact Volkswagen's customer service at 1-800-893-5298. Volkswagen's number for this recall is 60G3.

  NHTSA campaign 23V750000 · reported 07/12/2023

• ELECTRICAL SYSTEM:PROPULSION SYSTEM:TRACTION BATTERYUS · NHTSAModel year 2023

  Volkswagen Group of America, Inc. (Volkswagen) is recalling certain 2023-2025 ID.4 vehicles. The high-voltage battery may overheat.

  Remedy: Dealers will update the high-voltage battery software, and replace the high-voltage battery, as necessary, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed March 18, 2026. Owners may contact Volkswagen customer service at 1-800-893-5298. Volkswagen's number for this recall is 93EA. Vehicle Identification Numbers (VINs) involved in this recall became searchable on NHTSA.gov on January 23, 2026.

  NHTSA campaign 26V030000 · reported 21/01/2026

• BACK OVER PREVENTION:DISPLAY FUNCTIONUS · NHTSAModel year 2023

  Volkswagen Group of America, Inc. (Volkswagen) is recalling certain 2022 Golf R A8, Audi S3, RS3 Sedan, Q4 E-Tron SUV, A3 Sedan, and 2022-2023 Volkswagen Golf GTI, and ID4 vehicles. The rearview camera image may be blank or unresponsive when the vehicle is placed in reverse gear or when the park function is manually activated. As such, these vehicles fail to comply with the requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard number 111, "Rear Visibility."

  Remedy: Dealers will replace the rearview camera, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed to Audi owners February 14, 2023. Volkswagen owners will receive an owner notification letter once remedy parts become available. Owners may contact Volkswagen's customer service at 1-800-893-5298 and Audi's customer service at 1-800-253-2834. Volkswagen's numbers for this recall are (Volkswagen) 91EK and (Audi) 91EL.

  NHTSA campaign 22V823000 · reported 02/11/2022

• ELECTRICAL SYSTEM:PROPULSION SYSTEM:TRACTION MOTORUS · NHTSAModel year 2023

  Volkswagen Group of America, Inc. (Volkswagen) is recalling certain 2023 ID4 vehicles. The electric motor sealing ring was improperly assembled, which may allow coolant to leak into the high-voltage system and interfere with the CAN communication and power supply.

  Remedy: Dealers will inspect and replace the electric motor, if necessary, free of charge. Owner notification letters are expected to be mailed January 6, 2023. Owners may contact Volkswagen's customer service at 1-800-893-5298. Volkswagen's number for this recall is 19Q9.

  NHTSA campaign 22V830000 · reported 09/11/2022

• ELECTRICAL SYSTEM:12V/24V/48V BATTERY:CABLESUS · NHTSAModel year 2023

  Volkswagen Group of America, Inc. (Volkswagen) is recalling certain 2023 ID4 rear-wheel drive vehicles. The 12-Volt battery charging cable may contact the steering column shaft and cause the cable insulation to wear, possibly resulting in a short circuit.

  Remedy: Owners are advised to park outside and away from structures until the remedy has been completed. Dealers will inspect the 12-Volt battery charging cable and repair or replace it, as necessary, free of charge. Owner notification letters are expected to be mailed February 27, 2023. Owners may contact Volkswagen's customer service at 1-800-893-5298. Volkswagen's number for this recall is 97HA.

  NHTSA campaign 22V956000 · reported 29/12/2022

• STRUCTUREUS · NHTSAModel year 2023

  Volkswagen Group of America, Inc. (Volkswagen) is recalling certain 2023-2024 ID.4 vehicles. The interior sunshade for the panoramic glass roof may be insufficiently fire retardant. As such, these vehicles fail to comply with the requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard number 302, "Flammability of Interior Materials."

  Remedy: Dealers will apply flame retardant to the sunshade fabric, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed December 15, 2023. Owners may contact Volkswagen's customer service at 1-800-893-5298. Volkswagen's number for this recall is 60G3.

  NHTSA campaign 23V750000 · reported 07/12/2023

• BACK OVER PREVENTION:SOFTWAREUS · NHTSAModel year 2023

  Volkswagen Group of America, Inc. (VW) is recalling certain 2021-2023 ID.4 vehicles. Due to a software issue, affected vehicles may experience center displays and instrument panel displays that do not boot, or that sporadically reset. This can result in loss of speedometer information or loss of rearview camera image. As such, these vehicles fail to comply with the requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard numbers 101, "Control and Displays" and 111, "Rear Visibility."

  Remedy: Dealers will update the vehicle software, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed on December 20, 2024. Owners may contact VW customer service at 1-800-893-5298. VW's number for this recall is 919A.

  NHTSA campaign 24V344000 · reported 15/05/2024

• AIR BAGS:FRONTAL:PASSENGER SIDE:INFLATOR MODULEUS · NHTSAModel year 2023

  Volkswagen Group of America, Inc. (VW) is recalling certain 2023-2024 ID4 vehicles. The fasteners securing the passenger frontal air bag inflator may be loose.

  Remedy: Dealers will inspect and replace the air bag as necessary, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed October 10, 2024. Owners may contact Volkswagen customer service at 1-800-893-5298. Volkswagen’s number for this recall is 69E8.

  NHTSA campaign 24V643000 · reported 28/08/2024

• STRUCTURE:BODY:DOOR:HANDLE:EXTERIORUS · NHTSAModel year 2023

  Volkswagen Group of America, Inc. (Volkswagen) is recalling certain 2021-2024 ID.4 vehicles. The door handles may allow water to enter the circuit board assembly, which can cause the doors to open unexpectedly.

  Remedy: Volkswagen dealers will inspect and replace the door handles as necessary, and update the vehicle software, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed on December 27, 2024. Owners may contact Volkswagen's customer service at 1-800-893-5298. Volkswagen's number for this recall is 57J9. This recall expands previous recall numbers 23V-312 and 23V-213. Vehicles previously repaired under 23V-312 and 23V-213 will need to have the new remedy completed.

  NHTSA campaign 24V651000 · reported 04/09/2024

• BACK OVER PREVENTION: SENSING SYSTEM: CAMERAUS · NHTSAModel year 2023

  Volkswagen Group of America, Inc. (Volkswagen) is recalling certain 2023 ID.4 vehicles. The rearview camera image may not display when the vehicle is placed in reverse or when the park function is manually activated. As such, these vehicles fail to comply with the requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard number 111, "Rear Visibility."

  Remedy: Dealers will replace the peripheral camera control module, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed December 26, 2025. Owners may contact Volkswagen customer service at 1-800-893-5298. Volkswagen's number for this recall is 91B3.

  NHTSA campaign 24V875000 · reported 20/11/2024

• POWER TRAIN:AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION:GEAR POSITION INDICATION (PRNDL)US · NHTSAModel year 2023

  Volkswagen Group of America, Inc. (Volkswagen) is recalling certain 2021-2023 ID.4, 2022-2023 Audi Q4 e-Tron, and Q4 e-Tron Sportback vehicles. The instrument panel may not properly display the transmission gear lever indicator. As such, these vehicles fail to comply with the requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard number 102, "Transmission Shift Lever Sequence, Starter Interlock, and Transmission Braking Effect."

  Remedy: Dealers will update the brake control unit software, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed March 14, 2025. Owners may contact Volkswagen customer service at 1-800-893-5298 or Audi customer service at 1-800-253-2834. Volkswagen's number for this recall is 97H3. Audi's number for this recall is 454R.

  NHTSA campaign 25V120000 · reported 27/02/2025

• SERVICE BRAKESUS · NHTSAModel year 2023

  Volkswagen Group of America, Inc. (Volkswagen) is recalling certain 2023-2025 Atlas, Atlas Cross Sport and 2023-2024 ID.4 vehicles. Certain bolts on the chassis, brake system and/or suspension (such as bolts for certain cross member, engine mount, control arm, subframe, rear brake carrier, etc.) of affected vehicles may not have been correctly tightened during the manufacturing process.

  Remedy: Dealers will replace the bolts as necessary, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed July 25, 2025. Owners may contact Audi customer service at 1-800-253-2834. Volkswagen's number for this recall is 42HX.

  NHTSA campaign 25V434000 · reported 30/06/2025

• ELECTRICAL SYSTEM:PROPULSION SYSTEM:TRACTION BATTERYUS · NHTSAModel year 2023

  Volkswagen Group of America, Inc. (Volkswagen) is recalling certain 2023-2024 ID.4 vehicles. The high voltage (HV) battery cell modules may contain misaligned electrodes that can result in a battery fire.

  Remedy: Owners are advised to park outside immediately after charging and not leave their vehicles charging indoors overnight until the recall repair is complete. Also, owners are advised not to use Level 3 DC chargers and to limit the maximum charge of the battery to 80% until the remedy has been completed. Dealers will replace the high voltage battery cell modules as necessary, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed February 11, 2026. Owners may contact Volkswagen customer service at 1-800-893-5298. Volkswagen's number for this recall is 93EV. Vehicle Identification Numbers (VINs) involved in this recall became searchable on NHTSA.gov on December 5, 2025.

  NHTSA campaign 25V836000 · reported 03/12/2025

• ELECTRICAL SYSTEM:PROPULSION SYSTEM:TRACTION BATTERYUS · NHTSAModel year 2023

  Volkswagen Group of America, Inc. (Volkswagen) is recalling certain 2023-2024 ID.4 vehicles. The high voltage (HV) battery cell modules may contain misaligned electrodes that can result in a battery fire.

  Remedy: Owners are advised to park outside immediately after charging and not leave their vehicles charging indoors overnight until the recall repair is complete. Also, owners are advised not to use Level 3 DC chargers and to limit the maximum charge of the battery to 80% until the remedy has been completed. Dealers will replace the high voltage battery cell modules as necessary, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed March 18, 2026. Owners may contact Volkswagen customer service at 1-800-893-5298. Volkswagen's number for this recall is 93EW. Vehicle Identification Numbers (VINs) involved in this recall became searchable on NHTSA.gov on January 23, 2026.

  NHTSA campaign 26V028000 · reported 21/01/2026

• BACK OVER PREVENTION:SOFTWAREUS · NHTSAModel year 2022

  Volkswagen Group of America, Inc. (VW) is recalling certain 2021-2023 ID.4 vehicles. Due to a software issue, affected vehicles may experience center displays and instrument panel displays that do not boot, or that sporadically reset. This can result in loss of speedometer information or loss of rearview camera image. As such, these vehicles fail to comply with the requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard numbers 101, "Control and Displays" and 111, "Rear Visibility."

  Remedy: Dealers will update the vehicle software, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed on December 20, 2024. Owners may contact VW customer service at 1-800-893-5298. VW's number for this recall is 919A.

  NHTSA campaign 24V344000 · reported 15/05/2024

• STRUCTURE:BODY:DOOR:HANDLE:EXTERIORUS · NHTSAModel year 2022

  Volkswagen Group of America, Inc. (Volkswagen) is recalling certain 2021-2024 ID.4 vehicles. The door handles may allow water to enter the circuit board assembly, which can cause the doors to open unexpectedly.

  Remedy: Volkswagen dealers will inspect and replace the door handles as necessary, and update the vehicle software, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed on December 27, 2024. Owners may contact Volkswagen's customer service at 1-800-893-5298. Volkswagen's number for this recall is 57J9. This recall expands previous recall numbers 23V-312 and 23V-213. Vehicles previously repaired under 23V-312 and 23V-213 will need to have the new remedy completed.

  NHTSA campaign 24V651000 · reported 04/09/2024

• POWER TRAIN:AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION:GEAR POSITION INDICATION (PRNDL)US · NHTSAModel year 2022

  Volkswagen Group of America, Inc. (Volkswagen) is recalling certain 2021-2023 ID.4, 2022-2023 Audi Q4 e-Tron, and Q4 e-Tron Sportback vehicles. The instrument panel may not properly display the transmission gear lever indicator. As such, these vehicles fail to comply with the requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard number 102, "Transmission Shift Lever Sequence, Starter Interlock, and Transmission Braking Effect."

  Remedy: Dealers will update the brake control unit software, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed March 14, 2025. Owners may contact Volkswagen customer service at 1-800-893-5298 or Audi customer service at 1-800-253-2834. Volkswagen's number for this recall is 97H3. Audi's number for this recall is 454R.

  NHTSA campaign 25V120000 · reported 27/02/2025

• BACK OVER PREVENTION:SOFTWAREUS · NHTSAModel year 2022

  Volkswagen Group of America, Inc. (Volkswagen) is recalling certain 2022 ID4 vehicles. The rearview camera image may be delayed or deactivated. As such, these vehicles fail to comply with the requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard number 111, "Rear Visibility."

  Remedy: Dealers will update the vehicle's software, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed January 17, 2023. Owners may contact Volkswagen's customer service at 1-800-893-5298. Volkswagen's number for this recall is 91EG.

  NHTSA campaign 22V764000 · reported 12/10/2022

• BACK OVER PREVENTION:DISPLAY FUNCTIONUS · NHTSAModel year 2022

  Volkswagen Group of America, Inc. (Volkswagen) is recalling certain 2022 Golf R A8, Audi S3, RS3 Sedan, Q4 E-Tron SUV, A3 Sedan, and 2022-2023 Volkswagen Golf GTI, and ID4 vehicles. The rearview camera image may be blank or unresponsive when the vehicle is placed in reverse gear or when the park function is manually activated. As such, these vehicles fail to comply with the requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard number 111, "Rear Visibility."

  Remedy: Dealers will replace the rearview camera, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed to Audi owners February 14, 2023. Volkswagen owners will receive an owner notification letter once remedy parts become available. Owners may contact Volkswagen's customer service at 1-800-893-5298 and Audi's customer service at 1-800-253-2834. Volkswagen's numbers for this recall are (Volkswagen) 91EK and (Audi) 91EL.

  NHTSA campaign 22V823000 · reported 02/11/2022

• STRUCTURE:BODY:DOOR:HANDLE:EXTERIORUS · NHTSAModel year 2022

  Volkswagen Group of America, Inc. (Volkswagen) is recalling certain 2021-2022 ID.4 vehicles. The affected vehicles may have been manufactured with door handles that allow water to enter the circuit board assembly, which can cause the doors to open unexpectedly when the vehicle is subject to high lateral forces at speeds below 9 mph/15 kmh.

  Remedy: Dealers will update the vehicle software, and inspect the door handles as necessary, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed March 19, 2023. Owners may contact Volkswagen's customer service at 1-800-893-5298. Volkswagen's number for this recall are 57J5 and 57J8. This recall was replaced by recall number 24V-651

  NHTSA campaign 23V312000 · reported 03/05/2023

• BACK OVER PREVENTION:DISPLAY FUNCTIONUS · NHTSAModel year 2022

  Volkswagen Group of America, Inc. (Volkswagen) is recalling certain 2022 ID.4 vehicles. The replacement infotainment central control unit (CCU) installed in the vehicle during a repair contains incorrect software that can cause the rearview camera image to be delayed or deactivated when reversing. As such, these vehicles fail to comply with the requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard number 111, "Rear Visibility."

  Remedy: Dealers will update the software, free of charge. Owner notification letters are expected to be mailed August 18, 2023. Owners may contact Volkswagen's customer service at 1-800-893-5298. Volkswagen's number for this recall is 93S7.

  NHTSA campaign 23V436000 · reported 21/06/2023

Sources: EU Safety Gate (European market) and NHTSA (US market). See all Volkswagen recalls.